Literals

const literalSchema = z.literal('hello');

literalSchema.parse('hello'); // Valid
// literalSchema.parse("world"); // Throws ZodError: Expected literal 'hello', received 'world'

z.enum() for Fixed Sets

When you only allow a few valid string values, define them in an enum schema.

Example

const colorEnum = z.enum(['RED', 'GREEN', 'BLUE']);

// passes
colorEnum.parse('RED');

// fails
colorEnum.parse('PURPLE');

Why Not Use .literal() Union?

• z.enum(["RED", "GREEN", "BLUE"]) is more direct for small sets of strings.
• TS can also interpret it as a union of those string literals.
• If you have a large set, union is equally valid, just more verbose.

Tuples

const tupleSchema = z.tuple([z.string(), z.number()]);

tupleSchema.parse(['hello', 123]); // Valid
// tupleSchema.parse([123, "hello"]); // Throws ZodError: Expected string, received number at index 0
// tupleSchema.parse(["hello"]); // Throws ZodError: Expected tuple to have 2 elements, but got 1

Unions

const stringOrNumberSchema = z.union([z.string(), z.number()]);

stringOrNumberSchema.parse('hello'); // Valid
stringOrNumberSchema.parse(123); // Valid
// stringOrNumberSchema.parse(true);  // Throws ZodError: Expected string | number, received boolean

Intersections

const stringSchema = z.object({ a: z.string() });
const numberSchema = z.object({ b: z.number() });
const intersectionSchema = z.intersection(stringSchema, numberSchema);

intersectionSchema.parse({ a: 'hello', b: 123 }); // Valid
// intersectionSchema.parse({ a: "hello" }); // Throws ZodError: Required at 'b'

Reusable Schema Components with Unions

Create reusable schema components by defining schemas as variables or functions. This promotes modularity and reduces code duplication.

const baseUserSchema = z.object({
	id: z.number().positive(),
	createdAt: z.date(),
});

const customerSchema = baseUserSchema.extend({
	customerType: z.literal('customer'),
	orders: z.array(z.object({ orderId: z.string() })),
});

const adminSchema = baseUserSchema.extend({
	customerType: z.literal('admin'),
	permissions: z.array(z.string()),
});

const userSchema = z.union([customerSchema, adminSchema]); // Combine reusable schemas

Discriminated Unions

When your data has a known “discriminator” field, z.discriminatedUnion() is more efficient (and more explicit) than normal unions.

Example: type or kind as the Discriminator

import { z } from 'zod';

const customerSchema = z.object({
	type: z.literal('customer'),
	orders: z.array(z.string()),
});

const adminSchema = z.object({
	type: z.literal('admin'),
	permissions: z.array(z.string()),
});

const userSchema = z.discriminatedUnion('type', [customerSchema, adminSchema]);

// Succeeds if type === 'customer' or 'admin'
userSchema.parse({
	type: 'customer',
	orders: ['order1', 'order2'],
});

Benefits

• Performance: Zod can skip checking every union branch once it sees the discriminator.
• Clarity: If your input object’s type or kind is incorrect, you’ll get an immediate error.

never, unknown, and any

Zod includes special schemas that mirror TypeScript’s built-in utility types:

• z.never() — always fails. If you see z.never(), that property can never validly exist.
• z.unknown() — anything can pass, but the final type is unknown. Good for storing data you won’t interact with directly.
• z.any() — anything can pass and the final type is any. Rarely recommended, but can be a last resort if you absolutely can’t type something.

Example

const exoticSchema = z.object({
	no: z.never(), // always invalid
	hidden: z.unknown(), // always valid, type = unknown
	whatever: z.any(), // always valid, type = any
});

Pro Tip: Lean on strong typing as much as possible. z.unknown() and z.any() can be necessary but generally reduce type safety.

Strict vs. Passthrough vs. Strip

When validating objects, Zod handles extra/unknown keys differently depending on the mode:

Strip (default)

Strict

Passthrough

Example

const baseObj = z.object({ name: z.string() });

// Strict
const strictObj = baseObj.strict();
strictObj.parse({ name: 'Zod', age: 99 });
// => throws: unrecognized key "age"

// Passthrough
const passObj = baseObj.passthrough();
passObj.parse({ name: 'Zod', age: 99 });
// => { name: "Zod", age: 99 }

// Default (strip)
baseObj.parse({ name: 'Zod', age: 99 });
// => { name: "Zod" } (age is stripped out)

Use the mode that best suits your data. Strict is good when you want to ensure no unexpected fields slip in; passthrough is handy if you want to keep them for logging or debugging.